人教高考英语复习 第7讲　体裁微解——说明文.docx

第7讲　体裁微解——说明文
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。主要具有以下特点：
选材
实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。
内容
用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物，说明一项研究。
形式
总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。
语言
主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
命题
主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学****中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下：
策略指导
技法解读
抓首尾段
首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。
梳理文章结构
整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
破解长难句
结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·B)
Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed，the arugula went bad.Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry，“food waste goes against the moral grain，” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story.It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water，fuel，and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact，Royte writes，“if food waste were a country，it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand，let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him，it’s more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Centr