人教版专题 18 阅读理解 说明文 --英语复习讲练测--讲练.docx

专题 18 阅读理解 说明文
备考2023年高考英语二轮复****讲练测--讲练
命题解读
说明文在近三年高考英语阅读理解所占比重较大，是难点，也是重点。阅读理解试题的主要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。所说明的事物可以分为具体的事物和抽象的理论。
对具体的事物说明：选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；
对抽象的理论说明：通常人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。
说明文命题以主旨大意和细节理解为主，推理判断和词义猜测为辅。
选材分类
科普类
社会文化类
动植物介绍类
解题技巧
1.题--文---题
先读题目，再带着问题读文章。这类阅读理解文章相对来说事实细节题多一点，如果带着问题阅读文章，有利于抓细节。
2.文--题---文
在解答主旨大意类题时，先快速通读文章，对文章或段落形成总体印象，了解中心思想、主题段、主题句，这样既提高了做题的准确性，又能有效地利用时间。
总之，根据不同的体裁和题型采用不同的阅读方法更为高效。
长难句分析
文章结构分析
排除法
注意：无论哪种类型的说明文都需要做到以下几点
1.阅读文章的标题或副标题
2.必须首先读好开头与结尾段，快速准确找出文章中心主旨或主题句
3.注意并充分利用文章中所给出的中文提示词。
一 科普类
典例剖析
（2022年全国乙卷）
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones ass