人教版高中英语第一课时 名词.docx

语法奠基篇　
第一讲　通晓七大词类
名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空题型中。名词部分主要考查：
①名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)　　②名词和冠词的搭配
③抽象名词的具体化 ④名词的词性变化
⑤名词的词义辨析
第一课时　名词
考点1
名词的数
1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，
doctors，tables
以s，x，ch，
加－es
glasses，dishes，boxes，
sh结尾
watches，但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母
＋y结尾
变y为i
再加－es
families，babies，
armies，bodies
以元音字母
＋y结尾
加－s
boys，toys
以f或fe
结尾
多变f或fe
为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾
通常加－s
radios，videos，zoos，
tobaccos
有的加－es
heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师指津】
①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es：“黑人英雄爱吃土豆、西红柿”，即Negroes，heroes, potatoes，tomatoes。
②以－f或－fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves：“为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半”，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。
(2)不规则变化
自身变化
的名词
child孩子→children，man男人→men，tooth牙→teeth, foot脚；英尺→ feet，mouse老鼠→mice，phenomenon现象→phenomena，medium传播媒介→media
单复数同
形名词
Chinese中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits
合成名词
son－in－law→sons－in－law，passer－by→passers－by, story
－teller→story－tellers
Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.每一种可能的方式都已经被尝试了，但是没有起作用的。
　单句语法填空
①Later，they learned to work with the seasons (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)
②Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)
③Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018·浙江卷语法填空)
④This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(全国卷Ⅰ语法填